Triple CCI Strategy MFI Confirmed [Skyrexio]Overview
Triple CCI Strategy MFI Confirmed leverages 3 different periods Commodity Channel Index (CCI) indicator in conjunction Money Flow Index (MFI) and Exponential Moving Average (EMA) to obtain the high probability setups. Fast period CCI is used for having the high probability to enter in the direction of short term trend, middle and slow period CCI are used for confirmation, if market now likely in the mid and long-term uptrend. MFI is used to confirm trade with the money inflow/outflow with the high probability. EMA is used as an additional trend filter. Moreover, strategy uses exponential moving average (EMA) to trail the price when it reaches the specific level. More information in "Methodology" and "Justification of Methodology" paragraphs. The strategy opens only long trades.
Unique Features
Dynamic stop-loss system: Instead of fixed stop-loss level strategy utilizes average true range (ATR) multiplied by user given number subtracted from the position entry price as a dynamic stop loss level.
Configurable Trading Periods: Users can tailor the strategy to specific market windows, adapting to different market conditions.
Four layers trade filtering system: Strategy utilizes two different period CCI indicators, MFI and EMA indicators to confirm the signals produced by fast period CCI.
Trailing take profit level: After reaching the trailing profit activation level scrip activate the trailing of long trade using EMA. More information in methodology.
Methodology
The strategy opens long trade when the following price met the conditions:
Fast period CCI shall crossover the zero-line.
Slow and Middle period CCI shall be above zero-lines.
Price shall close above the EMA. Crossover is not obligatory
MFI shall be above 50
When long trade is executed, strategy set the stop-loss level at the price ATR multiplied by user-given value below the entry price. This level is recalculated on every next candle close, adjusting to the current market volatility.
At the same time strategy set up the trailing stop validation level. When the price crosses the level equals entry price plus ATR multiplied by user-given value script starts to trail the price with EMA. If price closes below EMA long trade is closed. When the trailing starts, script prints the label “Trailing Activated”.
Strategy settings
In the inputs window user can setup the following strategy settings:
ATR Stop Loss (by default = 1.75)
ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level (by default = 2.25)
CCI Fast Length (by default = 14, used for calculation short term period CCI)
CCI Middle Length (by default = 25, used for calculation short term period CCI)
CCI Slow Length (by default = 50, used for calculation long term period CCI)
MFI Length (by default = 14, used for calculation MFI
EMA Length (by default = 50, period of EMA, used for trend filtering EMA calculation)
Trailing EMA Length (by default = 20)
User can choose the optimal parameters during backtesting on certain price chart.
Justification of Methodology
Before understanding why this particular combination of indicator has been chosen let's briefly explain what is CCI, MFI and EMA.
The Commodity Channel Index (CCI) is a momentum-based technical indicator that measures the deviation of a security's price from its average price over a specific period. It helps traders identify overbought or oversold conditions and potential trend reversals.
The CCI formula is:
CCI = (Typical Price − SMA) / (0.015 × Mean Deviation)
Typical Price (TP): This is calculated as the average of the high, low, and closing prices for the period.
Simple Moving Average (SMA): This is the average of the Typical Prices over a specific number of periods.
Mean Deviation: This is the average of the absolute differences between the Typical Price and the SMA.
The result is a value that typically fluctuates between +100 and -100, though it is not bounded and can go higher or lower depending on the price movement.
The Money Flow Index (MFI) is a technical indicator that measures the strength of money flowing into and out of a security. It combines price and volume data to assess buying and selling pressure and is often used to identify overbought or oversold conditions. The formula for MFI involves several steps:
1. Calculate the Typical Price (TP):
TP = (high + low + close) / 3
2. Calculate the Raw Money Flow (RMF):
Raw Money Flow = TP × Volume
3. Determine Positive and Negative Money Flow:
If the current TP is greater than the previous TP, it's Positive Money Flow.
If the current TP is less than the previous TP, it's Negative Money Flow.
4. Calculate the Money Flow Ratio (MFR):
Money Flow Ratio = Sum of Positive Money Flow (over n periods) / Sum of Negative Money Flow (over n periods)
5. Calculate the Money Flow Index (MFI):
MFI = 100 − (100 / (1 + Money Flow Ratio))
MFI above 80 can be considered as overbought, below 20 - oversold.
The Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a type of moving average that places greater weight and significance on the most recent data points. It is widely used in technical analysis to smooth price data and identify trends more quickly than the Simple Moving Average (SMA).
Formula:
1. Calculate the multiplier
Multiplier = 2 / (n + 1) , Where n is the number of periods.
2. EMA Calculation
EMA = (Current Price) × Multiplier + (Previous EMA) × (1 − Multiplier)
This strategy leverages Fast period CCI, which shall break the zero line to the upside to say that probability of short term trend change to the upside increased. This zero line crossover shall be confirmed by the Middle and Slow periods CCI Indicators. At the moment of breakout these two CCIs shall be above 0, indicating that there is a high probability that price is in middle and long term uptrend. This approach increases chances to have a long trade setup in the direction of mid-term and long-term trends when the short-term trend starts to reverse to the upside.
Additionally strategy uses MFI to have a greater probability that fast CCI breakout is confirmed by this indicator. We consider the values of MFI above 50 as a higher probability that trend change from downtrend to the uptrend is real. Script opens long trades only if MFI is above 50. As you already know from the MFI description, it incorporates volume in its calculation, therefore we have another one confirmation factor.
Finally, strategy uses EMA an additional trend filter. It allows to open long trades only if price close above EMA (by default 50 period). It increases the probability of taking long trades only in the direction of the trend.
ATR is used to adjust the strategy risk management to the current market volatility. If volatility is low, we don’t need the large stop loss to understand the there is a high probability that we made a mistake opening the trade. User can setup the settings ATR Stop Loss and ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level to realize his own risk to reward preferences, but the unique feature of a strategy is that after reaching trailing profit activation level strategy is trying to follow the trend until it is likely to be finished instead of using fixed risk management settings. It allows sometimes to be involved in the large movements. It’s also important to make a note, that script uses another one EMA (by default = 20 period) as a trailing profit level.
Backtest Results
Operating window: Date range of backtests is 2022.04.01 - 2024.11.25. It is chosen to let the strategy to close all opened positions.
Commission and Slippage: Includes a standard Binance commission of 0.1% and accounts for possible slippage over 5 ticks.
Initial capital: 10000 USDT
Percent of capital used in every trade: 50%
Maximum Single Position Loss: -4.13%
Maximum Single Profit: +19.66%
Net Profit: +5421.21 USDT (+54.21%)
Total Trades: 108 (44.44% win rate)
Profit Factor: 2.006
Maximum Accumulated Loss: 777.40 USDT (-7.77%)
Average Profit per Trade: 50.20 USDT (+0.85%)
Average Trade Duration: 44 hours
These results are obtained with realistic parameters representing trading conditions observed at major exchanges such as Binance and with realistic trading portfolio usage parameters.
How to Use
Add the script to favorites for easy access.
Apply to the desired timeframe and chart (optimal performance observed on 2h BTC/USDT).
Configure settings using the dropdown choice list in the built-in menu.
Set up alerts to automate strategy positions through web hook with the text: {{strategy.order.alert_message}}
Disclaimer:
Educational and informational tool reflecting Skyrex commitment to informed trading. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Test strategies in a simulated environment before live implementation
Cari skrip untuk "stop loss"
30-Minute Candle Strategy30-Minute Candle Trading Strategy
This strategy works on a 30-minute candle timeframe. When a new 30-minute candle opens, the following actions will take place based on the previous 30-minute candle's closing price:
Buy Trade Setup:
If the market opens above the previous 30-minute candle's closing price, a buy trade will be executed immediately at the market price.
The stop-loss will be set at the previous 30-minute candle's closing price.
There will be no fixed target.
The trade will be closed 1 minute before the current 30-minute candle closes, regardless of profit or loss.
Sell Trade Setup:
If a buy trade hits the stop-loss and the market moves below the previous 30-minute candle's closing price, a sell trade will be executed immediately at the market price.
The stop-loss for the sell trade will also be set at the previous 30-minute candle's closing price.
There will be no fixed target.
The trade will be closed 1 minute before the current 30-minute candle closes, regardless of profit or loss.
Procedure:
This process will repeat for every 30-minute candle.
If the market crosses the previous 30-minute candle's closing price to the upside, a buy trade will be executed, and the stop-loss will be set at the previous candle's closing price.
If the market crosses the previous 30-minute candle's closing price to the downside, a sell trade will be executed, and the stop-loss will also be set at the previous candle's closing price.
Each trade will be closed 1 minute before the current candle closes.
Key Points:
This strategy applies to every new 30-minute candle.
The stop-loss will always be based on the previous 30-minute candle's closing price.
If a stop-loss is hit, the strategy will automatically switch to the opposite trade (buy to sell or sell to buy) based on market movement crossing the previous candle's closing price.
This is a repetitive and systematic approach to trading, ensuring the rules are followed for every 30-minute candle.
MFI Strategy with Oversold Zone Exit and AveragingThis strategy is based on the Money Flow Index (MFI) and aims to enter a long position when the MFI exits an oversold zone, with specific rules for limit orders, stop-loss, and take-profit settings. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Key Components
1. **Money Flow Index (MFI)**: The strategy uses the MFI, a volume-weighted indicator, to gauge whether the market is in an oversold condition (default threshold of MFI < 20). Once the MFI rises above the oversold threshold, it signals a potential buying opportunity.
2. **Limit Order for Long Entry**: Instead of entering immediately after the oversold condition is cleared, the strategy places a limit order at a price slightly below the current price (by a user-defined percentage). This helps achieve a better entry price.
3. **Stop-Loss and Take-Profit**:
- **Stop-Loss**: A stop-loss is set to protect against significant losses, calculated as a percentage below the entry price.
- **Take-Profit**: A take-profit target is set as a percentage above the entry price to lock in gains.
4. **Order Cancellation**: If the limit order isn’t filled within a specific number of bars (default is 5 bars), it’s automatically canceled to avoid being filled at a potentially suboptimal price as market conditions change.
Strategy Workflow
1. **Identify Oversold Zone**: The strategy checks if the MFI falls below a defined oversold level (default is 20). Once this condition is met, the flag `inOversoldZone` is set to `true`.
2. **Wait for Exit from Oversold Zone**: When the MFI rises back above the oversold level, it’s considered a signal that the market is potentially recovering, and the strategy prepares to enter a position.
3. **Place Limit Order**: Upon exiting the oversold zone, the strategy places a limit order for a long position at a price below the current price, defined by the `Long Entry Percentage` parameter.
4. **Monitor Limit Order**: A counter (`barsSinceEntryOrder`) starts counting the bars since the limit order was placed. If the order isn’t filled within the specified number of bars, it’s canceled automatically.
5. **Set Stop-Loss and Take-Profit**: Once the order is filled, a stop-loss and take-profit are set based on user-defined percentages relative to the entry price.
6. **Exit Strategy**: The trade will close automatically when either the stop-loss or take-profit level is hit.
Advantages
- **Risk Management**: With configurable stop-loss and take-profit, the strategy ensures losses are limited while capturing profits at pre-defined levels.
- **Controlled Entry**: The use of a limit order below the current price helps secure a better entry point, enhancing risk-reward.
- **Oversold Exit Trigger**: Using the exit from an oversold zone as an entry condition can help catch reversals.
Disadvantages
- **Missed Entries**: If the limit order isn’t filled due to insufficient downward movement after the oversold signal, potential opportunities may be missed.
- **Dependency on MFI Sensitivity**: As the MFI is sensitive to both price and volume, its fluctuations might not always accurately represent oversold conditions.
Overall Purpose
The strategy is suited for traders who want to capture potential reversals after oversold conditions in the market, with a focus on precise entries, risk management, and an automated exit plan.
MACD with 1D Stochastic Confirmation Reversal StrategyOverview
The MACD with 1D Stochastic Confirmation Reversal Strategy utilizes MACD indicator in conjunction with 1 day timeframe Stochastic indicators to obtain the high probability short-term trend reversal signals. The main idea is to wait until MACD line crosses up it’s signal line, at the same time Stochastic indicator on 1D time frame shall show the uptrend (will be discussed in methodology) and not to be in the oversold territory. Strategy works on time frames from 30 min to 4 hours and opens only long trades.
Unique Features
Dynamic stop-loss system: Instead of fixed stop-loss level strategy utilizes average true range (ATR) multiplied by user given number subtracted from the position entry price as a dynamic stop loss level.
Configurable Trading Periods: Users can tailor the strategy to specific market windows, adapting to different market conditions.
Higher time frame confirmation: Strategy utilizes 1D Stochastic to establish the major trend and confirm the local reversals with the higher probability.
Trailing take profit level: After reaching the trailing profit activation level scrip activate the trailing of long trade using EMA. More information in methodology.
Methodology
The strategy opens long trade when the following price met the conditions:
MACD line of MACD indicator shall cross over the signal line of MACD indicator.
1D time frame Stochastic’s K line shall be above the D line.
1D time frame Stochastic’s K line value shall be below 80 (not overbought)
When long trade is executed, strategy set the stop-loss level at the price ATR multiplied by user-given value below the entry price. This level is recalculated on every next candle close, adjusting to the current market volatility.
At the same time strategy set up the trailing stop validation level. When the price crosses the level equals entry price plus ATR multiplied by user-given value script starts to trail the price with EMA. If price closes below EMA long trade is closed. When the trailing starts, script prints the label “Trailing Activated”.
Strategy settings
In the inputs window user can setup the following strategy settings:
ATR Stop Loss (by default = 3.25, value multiplied by ATR to be subtracted from position entry price to setup stop loss)
ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level (by default = 4.25, value multiplied by ATR to be added to position entry price to setup trailing profit activation level)
Trailing EMA Length (by default = 20, period for EMA, when price reached trailing profit activation level EMA will stop out of position if price closes below it)
User can choose the optimal parameters during backtesting on certain price chart, in our example we use default settings.
Justification of Methodology
This strategy leverages 2 time frames analysis to have the high probability reversal setups on lower time frame in the direction of the 1D time frame trend. That’s why it’s recommended to use this strategy on 30 min – 4 hours time frames.
To have an approximation of 1D time frame trend strategy utilizes classical Stochastic indicator. The Stochastic Indicator is a momentum oscillator that compares a security's closing price to its price range over a specific period. It's used to identify overbought and oversold conditions. The indicator ranges from 0 to 100, with readings above 80 indicating overbought conditions and readings below 20 indicating oversold conditions.
It consists of two lines:
%K: The main line, calculated using the formula (CurrentClose−LowestLow)/(HighestHigh−LowestLow)×100 . Highest and lowest price taken for 14 periods.
%D: A smoothed moving average of %K, often used as a signal line.
Strategy logic assumes that on 1D time frame it’s uptrend in %K line is above the %D line. Moreover, we can consider long trade only in %K line is below 80. It means that in overbought state the long trade will not be opened due to higher probability of pullback or even major trend reversal. If these conditions are met we are going to our working (lower) time frame.
On the chosen time frame, we remind you that for correct work of this strategy you shall use 30min – 4h time frames, MACD line shall cross over it’s signal line. The MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) is a popular momentum and trend-following indicator used in technical analysis. It helps traders identify changes in the strength, direction, momentum, and duration of a trend in a stock's price.
The MACD consists of three components:
MACD Line: This is the difference between a short-term Exponential Moving Average (EMA) and a long-term EMA, typically calculated as: MACD Line=12-period EMA−26-period
Signal Line: This is a 9-period EMA of the MACD Line, which helps to identify buy or sell signals. When the MACD Line crosses above the Signal Line, it can be a bullish signal (suggesting a buy); when it crosses below, it can be a bearish signal (suggesting a sell).
Histogram: The histogram shows the difference between the MACD Line and the Signal Line, visually representing the momentum of the trend. Positive histogram values indicate increasing bullish momentum, while negative values indicate increasing bearish momentum.
In our script we are interested in only MACD and signal lines. When MACD line crosses signal line there is a high chance that short-term trend reversed to the upside. We use this strategy on 45 min time frame.
ATR is used to adjust the strategy risk management to the current market volatility. If volatility is low, we don’t need the large stop loss to understand the there is a high probability that we made a mistake opening the trade. User can setup the settings ATR Stop Loss and ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level to realize his own risk to reward preferences, but the unique feature of a strategy is that after reaching trailing profit activation level strategy is trying to follow the trend until it is likely to be finished instead of using fixed risk management settings. It allows sometimes to be involved in the large movements.
Backtest Results
Operating window: Date range of backtests is 2023.01.01 - 2024.08.01. It is chosen to let the strategy to close all opened positions.
Commission and Slippage: Includes a standard Binance commission of 0.1% and accounts for possible slippage over 5 ticks.
Initial capital: 10000 USDT
Percent of capital used in every trade: 30%
Maximum Single Position Loss: -4.79%
Maximum Single Profit: +20.14%
Net Profit: +2361.33 USDT (+44.72%)
Total Trades: 123 (44.72% win rate)
Profit Factor: 1.623
Maximum Accumulated Loss: 695.80 USDT (-5.48%)
Average Profit per Trade: 19.20 USDT (+0.59%)
Average Trade Duration: 30 hours
These results are obtained with realistic parameters representing trading conditions observed at major exchanges such as Binance and with realistic trading portfolio usage parameters.
How to Use
Add the script to favorites for easy access.
Apply to the desired timeframe between 30 min and 4 hours and chart (optimal performance observed on 45 min BTC/USDT).
Configure settings using the dropdown choice list in the built-in menu.
Set up alerts to automate strategy positions through web hook with the text: {{strategy.order.alert_message}}
Disclaimer:
Educational and informational tool reflecting Skyrex commitment to informed trading. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Test strategies in a simulated environment before live implementation
Double CCI Confirmed Hull Moving Average Reversal StrategyOverview
The Double CCI Confirmed Hull Moving Average Strategy utilizes hull moving average (HMA) in conjunction with two commodity channel index (CCI) indicators: the slow and fast to increase the probability of entering when the short and mid-term uptrend confirmed. The main idea is to wait until the price breaks the HMA while both CCI are showing that the uptrend has likely been already started. Moreover, strategy uses exponential moving average (EMA) to trail the price when it reaches the specific level. The strategy opens only long trades.
Unique Features
Dynamic stop-loss system: Instead of fixed stop-loss level strategy utilizes average true range (ATR) multiplied by user given number subtracted from the position entry price as a dynamic stop loss level.
Configurable Trading Periods: Users can tailor the strategy to specific market windows, adapting to different market conditions.
Double trade setup confirmation: Strategy utilizes two different period CCI indicators to confirm the breakouts of HMA.
Trailing take profit level: After reaching the trailing profit activation level scrip activate the trailing of long trade using EMA. More information in methodology.
Methodology
The strategy opens long trade when the following price met the conditions:
Short-term period CCI indicator shall be above 0.
Long-term period CCI indicator shall be above 0.
Price shall cross the HMA and candle close above it with the same candle
When long trade is executed, strategy set the stop-loss level at the price ATR multiplied by user-given value below the entry price. This level is recalculated on every next candle close, adjusting to the current market volatility.
At the same time strategy set up the trailing stop validation level. When the price crosses the level equals entry price plus ATR multiplied by user-given value script starts to trail the price with EMA. If price closes below EMA long trade is closed. When the trailing starts, script prints the label “Trailing Activated”.
Strategy settings
In the inputs window user can setup the following strategy settings:
ATR Stop Loss (by default = 1.75)
ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level (by default = 2.25)
CCI Fast Length (by default = 25, used for calculation short term period CCI
CCI Slow Length (by default = 50, used for calculation long term period CCI)
Hull MA Length (by default = 34, period of HMA, which shall be broken to open trade)
Trailing EMA Length (by default = 20)
User can choose the optimal parameters during backtesting on certain price chart.
Justification of Methodology
Before understanding why this particular combination of indicator has been chosen let's briefly explain what is CCI and HMA.
The Commodity Channel Index (CCI) is a momentum-based technical indicator used in trading to measure a security's price relative to its average price over a given period. Developed by Donald Lambert in 1980, the CCI is primarily used to identify cyclical trends in a security, helping traders to spot potential buying or selling opportunities.
The CCI formula is:
CCI = (Typical Price − SMA) / (0.015 × Mean Deviation)
Typical Price (TP): This is calculated as the average of the high, low, and closing prices for the period.
Simple Moving Average (SMA): This is the average of the Typical Prices over a specific number of periods.
Mean Deviation: This is the average of the absolute differences between the Typical Price and the SMA.
The result is a value that typically fluctuates between +100 and -100, though it is not bounded and can go higher or lower depending on the price movement.
The Hull Moving Average (HMA) is a type of moving average that was developed by Alan Hull to improve upon the traditional moving averages by reducing lag while maintaining smoothness. The goal of the HMA is to create an indicator that is both quick to respond to price changes and less prone to whipsaws (false signals).
How the Hull Moving Average is Calculated?
The Hull Moving Average is calculated using the following steps:
Weighted Moving Average (WMA): The HMA starts by calculating the Weighted Moving Average (WMA) of the price data over a period square root of n (sqrt(n))
Speed Adjustment: A WMA is then calculated for half of the period n/2, and this is multiplied by 2 to give more weight to recent prices.
Lag Reduction: The WMA of the full period n is subtracted from the doubled n/2 WMA.
Final Smoothing: To smooth the result and reduce noise, a WMA is calculated for the square root of the period n.
The formula can be represented as:
HMA(n) = WMA(WMA(n/2) × 2 − WMA(n), sqrt(n))
The Weighted Moving Average (WMA) is a type of moving average that gives more weight to recent data points, making it more responsive to recent price changes than a Simple Moving Average (SMA). In a WMA, each data point within the selected period is multiplied by a weight, with the most recent data receiving the highest weight. The sum of these weighted values is then divided by the sum of the weights to produce the WMA.
This strategy leverages HMA of user given period as a critical level which shall be broken to say that probability of trend change to the upside increased. HMA reacts faster than EMA or SMA to the price change, that’s why it increases chances to enter new trade earlier. Long-term period CCI helps to have an approximation of mid-term trend. If it’s above 0 the probability of uptrend increases. Short-period CCI allows to have an approximation of short-term trend reversal from down to uptrend. This approach increases chances to have a long trade setup in the direction of mid-term trend when the short-term trend starts to reverse.
ATR is used to adjust the strategy risk management to the current market volatility. If volatility is low, we don’t need the large stop loss to understand the there is a high probability that we made a mistake opening the trade. User can setup the settings ATR Stop Loss and ATR Trailing Profit Activation Level to realize his own risk to reward preferences, but the unique feature of a strategy is that after reaching trailing profit activation level strategy is trying to follow the trend until it is likely to be finished instead of using fixed risk management settings. It allows sometimes to be involved in the large movements. It’s also important to make a note, that script uses HMA to enter the trade, but for trailing it leverages EMA. It’s used because EMA has no such fast reaction to price move which increases probability not to be stopped out from any significant uptrend move.
Backtest Results
Operating window: Date range of backtests is 2022.07.01 - 2024.08.01. It is chosen to let the strategy to close all opened positions.
Commission and Slippage: Includes a standard Binance commission of 0.1% and accounts for possible slippage over 5 ticks.
Initial capital: 10000 USDT
Percent of capital used in every trade: 100%
Maximum Single Position Loss: -4.67%
Maximum Single Profit: +19.66%
Net Profit: +14897.94 USDT (+148.98%)
Total Trades: 104 (36.54% win rate)
Profit Factor: 2.312
Maximum Accumulated Loss: 1302.66 USDT (-9.58%)
Average Profit per Trade: 143.25 USDT (+0.96%)
Average Trade Duration: 34 hours
These results are obtained with realistic parameters representing trading conditions observed at major exchanges such as Binance and with realistic trading portfolio usage parameters.
How to Use
Add the script to favorites for easy access.
Apply to the desired timeframe and chart (optimal performance observed on 2h BTC/USDT).
Configure settings using the dropdown choice list in the built-in menu.
Set up alerts to automate strategy positions through web hook with the text: {{strategy.order.alert_message}}
Disclaimer:
Educational and informational tool reflecting Skyrex commitment to informed trading. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Test strategies in a simulated environment before live implementation
Simple Fibonacci Retracement Strategy This strategy uses Fibonacci retracement to identify key levels in the market and helps traders find good entry and exit points. By understanding and using this strategy, traders can improve their trading decisions and increase their chances of success in the market.
This strategy, called the "Simple Fibonacci Retracement Strategy," is designed to help traders identify potential entry and exit points in the market based on Fibonacci retracement levels. The code is written in Pine Script and runs on the TradingView platform.
Overall Function
The strategy uses Fibonacci retracement levels to identify potential support and resistance levels in the market. This helps traders find good entry and exit points for trades, as well as set stop-loss and take-profit levels to minimize risk and maximize gains.
Main Components of the Code
1. Input Parameters
Lookback Period: The number of bars used to identify the highest high and lowest low.
Fibonacci Direction: The choice of whether Fibonacci levels are calculated from top to bottom or bottom to top.
Fibonacci Levels: Specific Fibonacci levels (23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%) used to identify important price levels.
Take Profit and Stop Loss: The number of pips used to set take profit and stop loss levels.
2. Identification of Highest and Lowest Points
The code uses the lookback period to find the highest high (highestHigh) and the lowest low (lowestLow). These levels form the basis for calculating the Fibonacci levels.
3. Calculation of Fibonacci Levels
Based on the direction chosen by the user, the code calculates the various Fibonacci levels (0%, 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 100%).
4. Trading Logic
Long Signal: Generated when the price crosses above the 61.8% Fibonacci level from bottom to top.
Short Signal: Generated when the price crosses below the 38.2% Fibonacci level from top to bottom.
When a long or short signal is generated, the strategy opens a position and sets take profit and stop loss levels based on the input parameters.
5. Visualization
The strategy plots the Fibonacci levels on the chart to provide a visual representation of the calculated levels. This helps traders see where the levels are in relation to the current price.
6. Alerts
The code also has functionality to create alerts (commented out), which can notify traders of buy or sell signals.
How to Use the Strategy
Configure Parameters: Adjust the lookback period, Fibonacci direction, and levels for take profit and stop loss to your preferences.
View the Chart: The Fibonacci levels will be plotted on the chart, providing a visual overview of potential support and resistance levels.
Trade Signals: Follow the generated buy and sell signals. Set your parameters in settings and adjust according to the generated buy and sell signals in the strategy tester. The strategy will automatically set your take profit and stop loss levels.
Evaluation and Adjustment: Monitor the performance of the strategy and make adjustments as needed to optimize the results.
Norwegian
Denne strategien, kalt "Simple Fibonacci Retracement Strategy", er designet for å hjelpe tradere med å identifisere mulige inngangs- og utgangspunkter i markedet basert på Fibonacci-retracementnivåer. Koden er skrevet i Pine Script og kjøres på TradingView-plattformen.
Overordnet Funksjon
Strategien bruker Fibonacci-retracementnivåer for å identifisere potensielle støtte- og motstandsnivåer i markedet. Dette hjelper tradere med å finne gode inngangs- og utgangspunkter for handler, samt å sette stop-loss og take-profit nivåer for å minimere risiko og maksimere gevinster.
Hovedkomponenter i Koden
1. Input Parametere
Lookback Period: Antall barer som brukes til å identifisere høyeste høydepunkt og laveste lavpunkt.
Fibonacci Direction: Valg om Fibonacci-nivåene skal beregnes fra topp til bunn eller bunn til topp.
Fibonacci Levels: Spesifikke Fibonacci-nivåer (23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%) som brukes til å identifisere viktige prisnivåer.
Take Profit og Stop Loss: Antall pips som brukes til å sette take profit og stop loss nivåer.
2. Identifikasjon av Høyeste og Laveste Punkt
Koden bruker lookback perioden for å finne det høyeste høydepunktet (highestHigh) og det laveste lavpunktet (lowestLow). Disse nivåene er grunnlaget for å beregne Fibonacci-nivåene.
3. Beregning av Fibonacci-nivåer
Basert på retningen valgt av brukeren, beregner koden de forskjellige Fibonacci-nivåene (0%, 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 100%).
4. Handelslogikk
Long Signal: Genereres når prisen krysser over 61.8% Fibonacci-nivået fra bunn til topp.
Short Signal: Genereres når prisen krysser under 38.2% Fibonacci-nivået fra topp til bunn.
Når et long eller short signal genereres, åpner strategien en posisjon og setter take profit og stop loss nivåer basert på inputparametrene.
5. Visualisering
Strategien plottet Fibonacci-nivåene på chartet for å gi en visuell representasjon av de beregnede nivåene. Dette hjelper tradere med å se hvor nivåene er i forhold til den nåværende prisen.
6. Varsler
Koden har også funksjonalitet for å lage varsler (kommentert ut), som kan varsle tradere om kjøps- eller salgssignaler.
Slik Bruker Du Strategien
Konfigurer Parametere: Juster lookback perioden, Fibonacci-retningen, og nivåene for take profit og stop loss til dine preferanser.
Se på Chartet: Fibonacci-nivåene vil bli plottet på chartet, noe som gir deg en visuell oversikt over potensielle støtte- og motstandsnivåer.
Handle Signaler: Sett dine parametere i innstillinger og juster etter genererte kjøps- og salgssignalene i strategy testeren. Strategien vil automatisk sette dine take profit og stop loss nivåer.
Evaluering og Justering: Overvåk ytelsen til strategien og gjør justeringer etter behov for å optimalisere resultatene.
Bollinger Bands Enhanced StrategyOverview
The common practice of using Bollinger bands is to use it for building mean reversion or squeeze momentum strategies. In the current script Bollinger Bands Enhanced Strategy we are trying to combine the strengths of both strategies types. It utilizes Bollinger Bands indicator to buy the local dip and activates trailing profit system after reaching the user given number of Average True Ranges (ATR). Also it uses 200 period EMA to filter trades only in the direction of a trend. Strategy can execute only long trades.
Unique Features
Trailing Profit System: Strategy uses user given number of ATR to activate trailing take profit. If price has already reached the trailing profit activation level, scrip will close long trade if price closes below Bollinger Bands middle line.
Configurable Trading Periods: Users can tailor the strategy to specific market windows, adapting to different market conditions.
Major Trend Filter: Strategy utilizes 100 period EMA to take trades only in the direction of a trend.
Flexible Risk Management: Users can choose number of ATR as a stop loss (by default = 1.75) for trades. This is flexible approach because ATR is recalculated on every candle, therefore stop-loss readjusted to the current volatility.
Methodology
First of all, script checks if currently price is above the 200-period exponential moving average EMA. EMA is used to establish the current trend. Script will take long trades on if this filtering system showing us the uptrend. Then the strategy executes the long trade if candle’s low below the lower Bollinger band. To calculate the middle Bollinger line, we use the standard 20-period simple moving average (SMA), lower band is calculated by the substruction from middle line the standard deviation multiplied by user given value (by default = 2).
When long trade executed, script places stop-loss at the price level below the entry price by user defined number of ATR (by default = 1.75). This stop-loss level recalculates at every candle while trade is open according to the current candle ATR value. Also strategy set the trailing profit activation level at the price above the position average price by user given number of ATR (by default = 2.25). It is also recalculated every candle according to ATR value. When price hit this level script plotted the triangle with the label “Strong Uptrend” and start trail the price at the middle Bollinger line. It also started to be plotted as a green line.
When price close below this trailing level script closes the long trade and search for the next trade opportunity.
Risk Management
The strategy employs a combined and flexible approach to risk management:
It allows positions to ride the trend as long as the price continues to move favorably, aiming to capture significant price movements. It features a user-defined ATR stop loss parameter to mitigate risks based on individual risk tolerance. By default, this stop-loss is set to a 1.75*ATR drop from the entry point, but it can be adjusted according to the trader's preferences.
There is no fixed take profit, but strategy allows user to define user the ATR trailing profit activation parameter. By default, this stop-loss is set to a 2.25*ATR growth from the entry point, but it can be adjusted according to the trader's preferences.
Justification of Methodology
This strategy leverages Bollinger bangs indicator to open long trades in the local dips. If price reached the lower band there is a high probability of bounce. Here is an issue: during the strong downtrend price can constantly goes down without any significant correction. That’s why we decided to use 200-period EMA as a trend filter to increase the probability of opening long trades during major uptrend only.
Usually, Bollinger Bands indicator is using for mean reversion or breakout strategies. Both of them have the disadvantages. The mean reversion buys the dip, but closes on the return to some mean value. Therefore, it usually misses the major trend moves. The breakout strategies usually have the issue with too high buy price because to have the breakout confirmation price shall break some price level. Therefore, in such strategies traders need to set the large stop-loss, which decreases potential reward to risk ratio.
In this strategy we are trying to combine the best features of both types of strategies. Script utilizes ate ATR to setup the stop-loss and trailing profit activation levels. ATR takes into account the current volatility. Therefore, when we setup stop-loss with the user-given number of ATR we increase the probability to decrease the number of false stop outs. The trailing profit concept is trying to add the beat feature from breakout strategies and increase probability to stay in trade while uptrend is developing. When price hit the trailing profit activation level, script started to trail the price with middle line if Bollinger bands indicator. Only when candle closes below the middle line script closes the long trade.
Backtest Results
Operating window: Date range of backtests is 2020.10.01 - 2024.07.01. It is chosen to let the strategy to close all opened positions.
Commission and Slippage: Includes a standard Binance commission of 0.1% and accounts for possible slippage over 5 ticks.
Initial capital: 10000 USDT
Percent of capital used in every trade: 30%
Maximum Single Position Loss: -9.78%
Maximum Single Profit: +25.62%
Net Profit: +6778.11 USDT (+67.78%)
Total Trades: 111 (48.65% win rate)
Profit Factor: 2.065
Maximum Accumulated Loss: 853.56 USDT (-6.60%)
Average Profit per Trade: 61.06 USDT (+1.62%)
Average Trade Duration: 76 hours
These results are obtained with realistic parameters representing trading conditions observed at major exchanges such as Binance and with realistic trading portfolio usage parameters.
How to Use
Add the script to favorites for easy access.
Apply to the desired timeframe and chart (optimal performance observed on 4h BTC/USDT).
Configure settings using the dropdown choice list in the built-in menu.
Set up alerts to automate strategy positions through web hook with the text: {{strategy.order.alert_message}}
Disclaimer:
Educational and informational tool reflecting Skyrex commitment to informed trading. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Test strategies in a simulated environment before live implementation
CCI and MACD Auto Trading Strategy with Risk/RewardOverview:
This strategy combines the Commodity Channel Index (CCI) and the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) indicators to automate trading decisions. It dynamically sets stop-loss and take-profit levels based on recent lows and highs, ensuring a risk/reward ratio of 1:1.5. This script aims to leverage trend and momentum signals while maintaining effective risk management.
Originality and Usefulness:
This script is not just a simple mashup of CCI and MACD indicators; it incorporates dynamic risk management by setting stop-loss and take-profit levels based on recent price action. This approach helps traders to:
・Identify potential trend reversals using the combination of CCI and MACD signals.
・Manage trades effectively by setting realistic stop-loss and take-profit levels based on recent market data.
・Maintain a balanced risk/reward ratio, which is essential for sustainable trading.
Indicators Used:
・CCI (Commodity Channel Index):
・Measures the deviation of the price from its average over a specified period, typically ranging from -100 to +100.
・Helps identify overbought and oversold conditions.
・MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence):
・Utilizes the difference between short-term and long-term moving averages to indicate trend strength and direction.
・Provides momentum signals that can be used for timing entries and exits.
How It Works:
Entry Conditions:
Long Entry:
・The MACD histogram is above zero.
・The CCI crosses above the -100 line.
Short Entry:
・The MACD histogram is below zero.
・The CCI crosses below the +100 line.
Exit Conditions:
Long Positions:
・The stop-loss is set at the recent low.
・The take-profit is set at 1.5 times the distance between the entry price and the stop-loss.
Short Positions:
・The stop-loss is set at the recent high.
・The take-profit is set at 1.5 times the distance between the entry price and the stop-loss.
Risk Management:
・The script dynamically adjusts stop-loss and take-profit levels based on recent market data, ensuring that the risk/reward ratio is maintained at 1:1.5.
・This approach helps in managing the risk effectively while aiming for consistent profits.
Strategy Properties:
・Account Size: Configured for a realistic account size suitable for the average trader.
・Commission and Slippage: Includes settings for realistic commission and slippage to reflect real market conditions.
・Risk per Trade: Designed to risk no more than 5-10% of equity per trade, aligning with sustainable trading practices.
・Backtesting Results: Configured to generate a sufficient sample size (ideally more than 100 trades) for reliable backtesting results.
Revised Backtesting Settings
Ensure that your backtesting settings are realistic:
・Account Size: Set a realistic initial capital suitable for the average trader.
・Commission and Slippage: Include realistic commission fees and slippage.
・Risk Management: Ensure that each trade risks no more than 5-10% of the account equity.
・Sufficient Sample Size: Choose a dataset that will generate more than 100 trades to provide a robust sample size.
Mechanical Trading StrategyThe "Mechanical Trading Strategy" is a simple and systematic approach to trading that aims to capture short-term price movements in the financial markets. This strategy focuses on executing trades based on specific conditions and predetermined profit targets and stop loss levels.
Key Features:
Profit Target: The strategy allows you to set a profit target as a percentage of the entry price. This target represents the desired level of profit for each trade.
Stop Loss: The strategy incorporates a stop loss level as a percentage of the entry price. This level represents the maximum acceptable loss for each trade, helping to manage risk.
Entry Condition: The strategy triggers trades at a specific time. In this case, the condition for entering a trade is based on the hour of the candle being 16 (4:00 PM). This time-based entry condition provides a systematic approach to executing trades.
Position Sizing: The strategy determines the position size based on a fixed percentage of the available equity. This approach ensures consistent risk management and allows for potential portfolio diversification.
Execution:
When the entry condition is met, signified by the hour being 16, the strategy initiates a long position using the strategy.entry function. It sets the exit conditions using the strategy.exit function, with a limit order for the take profit level and a stop order for the stop loss level.
Take Profit and Stop Loss:
The take profit level is calculated by adding a percentage of the entry price to the entry price itself. This represents the profit target for the trade. Conversely, the stop loss level is calculated by subtracting a percentage of the entry price from the entry price. This level represents the maximum acceptable loss for the trade.
By using this mechanical trading strategy, traders can establish a disciplined and systematic approach to their trading decisions. The predefined profit target and stop loss levels provide clear exit rules, helping to manage risk and potentially maximize returns. However, it is important to note that no trading strategy is guaranteed to be profitable, and careful analysis and monitoring of market conditions are always recommended.
Price Action - Support & Resistance + MACD LONG StrategyUsing "Price Action - Support & Resistance by DGT" and the MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) indicator in TradingView can help develop a trade strategy. Here's a step-by-step approach you can follow:
1. Identifying Support and Resistance Levels: Apply the "Price Action - Support & Resistance by DGT" indicator to your chart. This indicator helps you identify key support and resistance levels based on price action. These levels act as potential areas where the price may reverse or consolidate.
2. Confirming Support and Resistance Levels: Once the indicator has plotted support and resistance levels on your chart, analyze the historical price action around these levels. Look for multiple touches or bounces from the same level, which adds strength to the support or resistance zone.
3. Analyzing the MACD Indicator: Add the MACD indicator to your chart. The MACD consists of two lines: the MACD line and the signal line, along with a histogram representing the difference between the two lines. The MACD helps identify momentum and potential trend reversals.
When the MACD line crosses above the signal line and the histogram turns positive, it suggests bullish momentum.
4. Identifying Trade Opportunities:
Bullish Trade: Look for a bullish setup when the price approaches a strong support level identified by the "Price Action - Support & Resistance by DGT" indicator. Wait for the MACD lines to cross above the signal line and the histogram to turn positive, indicating bullish momentum. Enter a long position with a stop loss below the
support level.
Managing the Trade: Once you enter a trade, consider setting a target based on the distance between your entry point and the nearest significant support or resistance level. You can also use trailing stop losses or other risk management techniques to protect your profits and limit potential losses.
Remember that no trading strategy is guaranteed to be successful, and it's important to practice proper risk management and conduct thorough analysis before making any trading decisions. Additionally, it's recommended to backtest and demo trade this strategy before using it with real money.
[MT] Strategy Backtest Template| Initial Release | | EN |
An update of my old script, this script is designed so that it can be used as a template for all those traders who want to save time when programming their strategy and backtesting it, having functions already programmed that in normal development would take you more time to program, with this template you can simply add your favorite indicator and thus be able to take advantage of all the functions that this template has.
🔴Stop Loss and 🟢Take Profit:
No need to mention that it is a Stop Loss and a Take Profit, within these functions we find the options of: fixed percentage (%), fixed price ($), ATR, especially for Stop Loss we find the Pivot Points, in addition to this, the price range between the entry and the Stop Loss can be converted into a trailing stop loss, instead, especially for the Take Profit we have an option to choose a 1:X ratio that complements very well with the Pivot Points.
📈Heikin Ashi Based Entries:
Heikin Ashi entries are trades that are calculated based on Heikin Ashi candles but their price is executed to Japanese candles, thus avoiding false results that occur in Heikin candlestick charts, this making in certain cases better results in strategies that are executed with this option compared to Japanese candlesticks.
📊Dashboard:
A more visual and organized way to see the results and necessary data produced by our strategy, among them we can see the dates between which our operations are made regardless if you have activated some time filter, usual data such as Profit, Win Rate, Profit factor are also displayed in this panel, additionally data such as the total number of operations, how many were gains and how many losses, the average profit and loss for each operation and finally the maximum profits and losses followed, which are data that will be very useful to us when we elaborate our strategies.
Feel free to use this template to program your own strategies, if you find errors or want to request a new feature let me know in the comments or through my social networks found in my tradingview profile.
| Update 1.1 | | EN |
➕Additions: '
Time sessions filter and days of the week filter added to the time filter section.
Option to add leverage to the strategy.
5 Moving Averages, RSI, Stochastic RSI, ADX, and Parabolic Sar have been added as indicators for the strategy.
You can choose from the 6 available indicators the way to trade, entry alert or entry filter.
Added the option of ATR for Take Profit.
Ticker information and timeframe are now displayed on the dashboard.
Added display customization and color customization of indicator plots.
Added customization of display and color plots of trades displayed on chart.
📝Changes:
Now when activating the time filter it is optional to add a start or end date and time, being able to only add a start date or only an end date.
Operation plots have been changed from plot() to line creation with line.new().
Indicator plots can now be controlled from the "plots" section.
Acceptable and deniable range of profit, winrate and profit factor can now be chosen from the "plots" section to be displayed on the dashboard.
Aesthetic changes in the section separations within the settings section and within the code itself.
The function that made the indicators give inputs based on heikin ashi candles has been changed, see the code for more information.
⚙️Fixes:
Dashboard label now projects correctly on all timeframes including custom timeframes.
Removed unnecessary lines and variables to take up less code space.
All code in general has been optimized to avoid the use of variables, unnecessary lines and avoid unnecessary calculations, freeing up space to declare more variables and be able to use fewer lines of code.
| Lanzamiento Inicial | | ES |
Una actualización de mi antiguo script, este script está diseñado para que pueda ser usado como una plantilla para todos aquellos traders que quieran ahorrar tiempo al programar su estrategia y hacer un backtesting de ella, teniendo funciones ya programadas que en el desarrollo normal te tomaría más tiempo programar, con esta plantilla puedes simplemente agregar tu indicador favorito y así poder aprovechar todas las funciones que tiene esta plantilla.
🔴Stop Loss y 🟢Take Profit:
No hace falta mencionar que es un Stop Loss y un Take Profit, dentro de estas funciones encontramos las opciones de: porcentaje fijo (%), precio fijo ($), ATR, en especial para Stop Loss encontramos los Pivot Points, adicionalmente a esto, el rango de precio entre la entrada y el Stop Loss se puede convertir en un trailing stop loss, en cambio, especialmente para el Take Profit tenemos una opción para elegir un ratio 1:X que se complementa muy bien con los Pivot Points.
📈Entradas Basadas en Heikin Ashi:
Las entradas Heikin Ashi son operaciones que son calculados en base a las velas Heikin Ashi pero su precio esta ejecutado a velas japonesas, evitando así́ los falsos resultados que se producen en graficas de velas Heikin, esto haciendo que en ciertos casos se obtengan mejores resultados en las estrategias que son ejecutadas con esta opción en comparación con las velas japonesas.
📊Panel de Control:
Una manera más visual y organizada de ver los resultados y datos necesarios producidos por nuestra estrategia, entre ellos podemos ver las fechas entre las que se hacen nuestras operaciones independientemente si se tiene activado algún filtro de tiempo, datos usuales como el Profit, Win Rate, Profit factor también son mostrados en este panel, adicionalmente se agregaron datos como el número total de operaciones, cuantos fueron ganancias y cuantos perdidas, el promedio de ganancias y pérdidas por cada operación y por ultimo las máximas ganancias y pérdidas seguidas, que son datos que nos serán muy útiles al elaborar nuestras estrategias.
Siéntete libre de usar esta plantilla para programar tus propias estrategias, si encuentras errores o quieres solicitar una nueva función házmelo saber en los comentarios o a través de mis redes sociales que se encuentran en mi perfil de tradingview.
| Actualización 1.1 | | ES |
➕Añadidos:
Filtro de sesiones de tiempo y filtro de días de la semana agregados al apartado de filtro de tiempo.
Opción para agregar apalancamiento a la estrategia.
5 Moving Averages, RSI, Stochastic RSI, ADX, y Parabolic Sar se han agregado como indicadores para la estrategia.
Puedes escoger entre los 6 indicadores disponibles la forma de operar, alerta de entrada o filtro de entrada.
Añadido la opción de ATR para Take Profit.
La información del ticker y la temporalidad ahora se muestran en el dashboard.
Añadido personalización de visualización y color de los plots de indicadores.
Añadido personalización de visualización y color de los plots de operaciones mostradas en grafica.
📝Cambios:
Ahora al activar el filtro de tiempo es opcional añadir una fecha y hora de inicio o fin, pudiendo únicamente agregar una fecha de inicio o solamente una fecha de fin.
Los plots de operaciones han cambiados de plot() a creación de líneas con line.new().
Los plots de indicadores ahora se pueden controlar desde el apartado "plots".
Ahora se puede elegir el rango aceptable y negable de profit, winrate y profit factor desde el apartado "plots" para mostrarse en el dashboard.
Cambios estéticos en las separaciones de secciones dentro del apartado de configuraciones y dentro del propio código.
Se ha cambiado la función que hacía que los indicadores dieran entradas en base a velas heikin ashi, mire el código para más información.
⚙️Arreglos:
El dashboard label ahora se proyecta correctamente en todas las temporalidades incluyendo las temporalidades personalizadas.
Se han eliminado líneas y variables innecesarias para ocupar menos espacio en el código.
Se ha optimizado todo el código en general para evitar el uso de variables, líneas innecesarias y evitar los cálculos innecesarios, liberando espacio para declarar más variables y poder utilizar menos líneas de código.
Joker Trailing TP BotTrailing Take Profit is used by the traders to increase their gains when the prices moves in a favorable direction. Let’s have a look at what is Trailing Take Profit and how it works.
What Is a Trailing Take Profit?
Trailing Take Profit is a term largely used in crypto, whereas you may encounter the term Trailing Stop in traditional trading describing almost the same thing, So what’s the difference between Trailing Take Profit and Trailing Stop? Trailing Stop is a type of Stop Loss automatically moving in the same direction as the asset’s price. Trailing Take Profit is nothing else than Trailing Stop activated after initial Take Profit is reached.
The main difference between these two is that Trailing Take Profit takes the profit in any case (altough it might be later annihilated by Trailing Stop). Thus, Trailing Take Profit reduces the risks that might’ve occurred using Trailing Stop alone. Trailing Take Profit is bound to the maximum of Take Profit price instead of just a price increase/decrease.
As you might notice, the terms Trailing Take Profit and Stop Loss are quite similar. To avoid confusion, in this article we will be talking about Trailing Take Profit as defined above.
Trailing Take Profit only moves in one direction. It is designed to lock in profit and limit losses. The trailing profit only moves up (in case of a long strategy) once the price has surpassed previous high and a new high has been established. If the trailing take profit moves up, it cannot move back down, thus securing the profit and preventing losses.
Trailing Take Profit allows the trade to remain open and continue to profit as long as the price is moving in the investor’s favor. If the price changes direction and the change surpasses the previously set percentage the order will be closed.
How Does it Work?
For example if you buy BTC at the price of 10000, if you set a Take Profit at 11000 and a Trailing Take Profit at 5% :
If the price goes up to 10500, nothing happens because the Take Profit at 11000 has not been reached.
Then if the BTC price goes up top 11000, a Stop Order at 10450 will be set.
Then if the BTC price goes down to 10500, the Stop Order stays at 104500.
Then if the BTC price goes up to 12000, the Stop Order moves to 11400.
Then if the BTC price goes down to 11000, the Stop Order at 11400 is executed.
You see that without Trailing Take Profit, the buy order would have been sold at 11000. Thus, a trader would miss an earning opportunity at 11400.
Cipher B divergencies for Crypto (Finandy support)Hello Traders!
In times of high volatility, it is important to follow a market-neutral strategy to protect your hard-earned assets. The simple script employs common buy/sell and/or divergencies signals from the VuManChu Cipher B indicator with fixed stop losses and takes profits. The signals are filtered by a local trend of a coin of interest and the global trend of Bitcoin. These trends-filtered signals demonstrated better performance on most of the back- and forward- tests for USDT cryptocurrency futures. The strategy is based on my real experience, it's a diamond I want to share with you.
In terms of visualization if the background is red and the price is below the yellow line then only a short position can be opened. Conversely, if the price is above the yellow line AND the background is green only a long position can be opened.
Inputs from VuManChu you can find on the top. Frankly, I do not know how they can help you to improve the performance of the strategy. My inputs of the script you can find in "Trend Settings" and "TP/SL Settings" at the bottom.
The checkbox "Only divergencies" lets to broadcast only more reliable buy/sell signals for a cost of rare deals.
The checkbox "Cancel all positions if price crosses local sma?" makes additional trailing stop loss. Usually, this function increases the win rate by "smoothing" the risk/reward ratio, as a usual stop loss does.
You can tune SL/TP based on backtesting.
To connect the script to Finandy just edit "name" and "secret" to connect your webhook (see the bottom of the script).
The rule of thumb for the strategy is "only divergencies" - ON, high reward/risk (TP/SL) ratio, 5 min timeframe on chart help with performance.
Finally, I am looking forward to feedback from you. If you have some cool features for my script in your mind, do not hesitate to leave them in the comments.
Good luck!
Ultimate Strategy Shell [ArtK]This strategy shell script accepts entry/exit signals from an external study indicator.
It is built to cover most common trade execution strategies such as, multiple take profit levels, break even, trailing stop loss, position reverse, laddering and more.
It also aims to provide extended trade statistics such as the actual (win/loss) figures for trades instead of figures for orders as TradingView provides in the Strategy Test Overview.
Features
- 3 Take Profit levels.
- 3 Take Profit target type options (Percentage, Risk Reward Ratio or (IN DEVELOP) Strategy).
- 2 Stop Loss type options (Percentage, Strategy).
- Break Even stoop loss (will move the Stop Loss to the entry price after the 1st or 2nd Take Profit).
- Trailing Stop Loss (will move the Stop Loss after the last Take Profit at specified deviation on every candle).
- Trades Summary Label
Shows the number of wins and losses in a row.
Shows the actual (win/loss) figures for trades instead of figures for orders as TradingView provides in the Strategy Test Overview.
Shows the period from the first trade until the last trade.
Shows how many times each Take Profit level was reached (IN DEVELOP).
(IN DEVELOP) Shows the maximum Stop Loss when using the Stop Loss – Strategy option (helpful when estimating Stop Losses when leveraging).
Plots marks at the bottom of the chart to indicate winning or losing trades (helps to quickly find losing trades for example).
- Entry Filters
-- Date Time, allows placing trades only during the specified period.
-- ADX, filters trades below specified ADX value.
-- Max Stop Loss, can be enabled when the Stop Loss type is set to "Strategy". Used to prevent taking trades which exceed liquidation price.
-- Direction, will filter trades in a certain direction.
Instruction
- The strategy script relies on an external indicator therefore it is required to add the signal indicator first.
- To adapt the signal indicator to be compatible it must have only one plot.
-- The default value of the plot should be 1 when there is no buy/sell signal.
-- When the signal indicator signals BUY the line should plot the value
-- When the signal indicator signals SELL the line should plot the value
-- (I am aiming to support EXIT signals as well as the Stop Loss and Take Profit percentages in the near future)
- The first time you load the script it will show an error "Study Error: Signal source set to default ". This means the signal indicator was not selected.
The signal indicator should be selected in the strategy configuration panel option "Signal Source"
MACD + CMF + EMA + Supertrend by TradeSmartHello everyone and welcome to our first script release!
This script is one of many upcoming scripts. This one is a test for us, how it works, how you guys like this kind of stuff, and for feedback what we should change/improve at.
SCRIPT IS OPTIMIZED FOR:
EUR/USD 30 MINUTE TIMEFRAME
Video of the Strategy:
Search for “MACD + CMF + 200 EMA + Supertrend Trading Strategy Tested 100 Times with Great Results!” on our channel.
In this video you can find the exact strategy we programmed, just one added feature: Supertrend trailing stop loss. (position gets closed once the price hits the Supertrend indicator)
Now you can modify the following:
MACD settings
Supertrend settings
EMA settings
CMF settings
We will update the script with more and more features.
The first update will be:
Modifiable risk to reward ratio.
I will make a video of how to use this indicator next week, explaining all the features and more!
Hope you like it! Don't forget to let us know what we should change or improve. Thanks, and have a great day!
STRATEGY ENTRY RULES
LONG
When CMF is above 0 and price is under EMA. Also MACD has made a double cross above the zero line (meaning one cross down and one cross up by the MACD line). Then go long!
Note:
MACD or Signal must return under 0 in order to start a new position
If either of the MACD lines touches the 0 line before entry, we skip the trade and wait for the next signal.
SHORT
When CMF is under 0 and price is under EMA. Also MACD has made a double cross under the zero line (meaning one cross up and one cross down by the MACD line). Then go short!
Note:
MACD or Signal must return under 0 in order to start a new position.
If either of the MACD lines touches the 0 line before entry, we skip the trade and wait for the next signal.
TAKE PROFIT
When price hits the exit price (calculated from stop loss with the risk ratio), then exit with 50% of the position. The other 50% will stay open until the price hits the supertrend or the base stop loss.
STOP LOSS
When price hits stop loss then exit the position. Stop loss is calculated from the Supertrend and it is a trailing one, meaning it changes based on the movement of the price.
QUANTITY TO BUY
The quantity to buy is based on the Risk Per Trade % attribute. This means that we can set how much money we want to risk on one trade. Meaning that if we lose that particular position, then a Risk Per Trade % value of our equity will be lost.
Example: if you set the Risk Per Trade % to 1 % and you have a 100$ account balance, then if you loose the trade you will loose 1$ max.
Multi-Market Swing Trader Webhook Ready [HullBuster]
Introduction
This is an all symbol swing trading strategy intended for webhook integration to live accounts. This script employs an adjustable bandwidth ping pong algorithm which can be run in long only, short only or bidirectional modes. Additionally, this script provides advanced features such as pyramiding and DCA. It has been in development for nearly three years and exposes over 90 inputs to accommodate varying risk reward ratios. Equipped with a proper configuration it is suitable for professional traders seeking quality trades from a cloud based platform. This is my most advanced Pine Script to date which combines my RangeV3 and TrendV2 scripts. Using this combination it tries to bridge the gap between range bound and trending markets. I have put a lot of time into creating a system that could transition by itself so as to require less human intervention and thus be able to withstand long periods in full automation mode.
As a Pine strategy, hypothetical performance can be easily back-tested. Allowing you to Iron out the configuration of your target instrument. Now with recent advancements from the Pine development team this same script can be connected to a webhook through the alert mechanism. The requirement of a separate study script has been completely removed. This really makes things a lot easier to get your trading system up and running. I would like to also mention that TradingView has made significant advancements to the back-end over the last year. Notably, compile times are much faster now permitting more complex algorithms to be implemented. Thank you TradingView!
I used QuantConnect as my role model and strived to produce a base script which could compete with higher end cloud based platforms while being attractive to similarly experienced traders. The versatility of the Pine Language combined with the greater selection of end point execution systems provides a powerful alternative to other cloud based platforms. At the very least, with the features available today, a modular trading system for everyday use is a reality. I hope you'll agree.
This is a swing trading strategy so the behavior of this script is to buy on weakness and sell on strength. In trading parlance this is referred to as Support and Resistance Trading. Support being the point at which prices stop falling and start rising. Resistance being the point at which prices stop rising and fall. The chart real estate between these two points being defined as the range. This script seeks to implement strategies to profit from placing trades within this region. Short positions at resistance and long positions at support. Just to be clear, the range as well as trends are merely illusions as the chart only receives prices. However, this script attempts to calculate pivot points from the price stream. Rising pivots are shorts and falling pivots are longs. I refer to pivots as a vertex in this script which adds structural components to the chart formation (point, sides and a base). When trading in “Ping Pong” mode long and short positions are interleaved continuously as long as there exists a detectable vertex.
This is a non-hedging script so those of us subject to NFA FIFO Rule 2-43(b) should be generally safe to webhook into signals emitted from this script. However, as covered later in this document, there are some technical limitations to this statement. I have tested this script on various instruments for over two years and have configurations for forex, crypto and stocks. This script along with my TrendV2 script are my daily trading vehicles as a webhook into my forex and crypto accounts. This script employs various high risk features that could wipe out your account if not used judiciously. You should absolutely not use this script if you are a beginner or looking for a get-rich-quick strategy. Also please see my CFTC RULE 4.41 disclosure statement at the end of the document. Really!
Does this script repaint? The short answer is yes, it does, despite my best efforts to the contrary. EMAs are central to my strategy and TradingView calculates from the beginning of the series so there is just no getting around this. However, Pine is improving everyday and I am hopeful that this issue will be address from an architectural level at some point in the future. I have programmed my webhook to compensate for this occurrence so, in the mean time, this my recommended way to handle it (at the endpoint and before the broker).
Design
This strategy uses a ping pong algorithm of my own design. Basically, trades bounce off each other along the price stream. Trades are produced as a series of reversals. The point at which a trade reverses is a pivot calculation. A measurement is made between the recent valley to peak which results in a standard deviation value. This value is an input to implied probability calculation.Yes, the same implied probability used in sports betting. Odds are then calculated to determine the likelihood of price action continuing or retracing to the pivot. Based on where the account is at alert time, the action could be an entry, take profit or pyramid signal. In this design, trades must occur in alternating sequence. A long followed by a short then another long followed by a short and so on. In range bound price action trades appear along the outer bands of the channel in the aforementioned sequence. Shorts on the top and longs at the bottom. Generally speaking, the widths of the trading bands can be adjusted using the vertex dynamics in Section 2. There are a dozen inputs in this section used to describe the trading range. It is not a simple adjustment. If pyramids are enabled the strategy overrides the ping pong reversal pattern and begins an accumulation sequence. In this case you will see a series of same direction trades.
This script uses twelve indicators on a single time frame. The original trading algorithms are a port from a C++ program on proprietary trading platform. I’ve converted some of the statistical functions to use standard indicators available on TradingView. The setups make heavy use of the Hull Moving Average in conjunction with EMAs that form the Bill Williams Alligator as described in his book “New Trading Dimensions” Chapter 3. Lag between the Hull and the EMAs play a key role in identifying the pivot points. I really like the Hull Moving Average. I use it in all my systems, including 3 other platforms. It’s is an excellent leading indicator and a relatively light calculation.
The trend detection algorithms rely on several factors:
1. Smoothed EMAs in a Willams Alligator pattern.
2. Number of pivots encountered in a particular direction.
3. Which side debt is being incurred.
4. Settings in Section 4 and 5 (long and short)
The strategy uses these factors to determine the probability of prices continuing in the most recent direction. My TrendV2 script uses a higher time frame to determine trend direction. I can’t use that method in this script without exceeding various TradingView limitations on code size. However, the higher time frame is the best way to know which trend is worth pursuing or better to bet against.
The entire script is around 2400 lines of Pine code which pushes the limits of what can be created on this platform given the TradingView maximums for: local scopes, run-time duration and compile time. The module has been through numerous refactoring passes and makes extensive use of ternary statements. As such, It takes a full minute to compile after adding it to a chart. Please wait for the hovering dots to disappear before attempting to bring up the input dialog box. Scrolling the chart quickly may bring up an hour glass.
Regardless of the market conditions: range or trend. The behavior of the script is governed entirely by the 91 inputs. Depending on the settings, bar interval and symbol, you can configure a system to trade in small ranges producing a thousand or more trades. If you prefer wider ranges with fewer trades then the vertex detection settings in Section 2 should employ stiffer values. To make the script more of a trend follower, adjustments are available in Section 4 and 5 (long and short respectively). Overall this script is a range trader and the setups want to get in that way. It cannot be made into a full blown trend trading system. My TrendV2 is equipped for that purpose. Conversely, this script cannot be effectively deployed as a scalper either. The vertex calculation require too much data for high frequency trading. That doesn’t work well for retail customers anyway. The script is designed to function in bar intervals between 5 minutes and 4 hours. However, larger intervals require more backtest data in order to create reliable configurations. TradingView paid plans (Pro) only provide 10K bars which may not be sufficient. Please keep that in mind.
The transition from swing trader to trend follower typically happens after a stop is hit. That means that your account experiences a loss first and usually with a pyramid stack so the loss could be significant. Even then the script continues to alternate trades long and short. The difference is that the strategy tries to be more long on rising prices and more short on falling prices as opposed to simply counter trend trading. Otherwise, a continuous period of rising prices results in a distinctly short pyramid stack. This is much different than my TrendV2 script which stays long on peaks and short on valleys. Basically, the plan is to be profitable in range bound markets and just lose less when a trend comes along. How well this actually plays out will depend largely on the choices made in the sectioned input parameters.
Sections
The input dialog for this script contains 91 inputs separated into six sections.
Section 1: Global settings for the strategy including calculation model, trading direction, exit levels, pyramid and DCA settings. This is where you specify your minimum profit and stop levels. You should setup your Properties tab inputs before working on any of the sections. It’s really important to get the Base Currency right before doing any work on the strategy inputs. It is important to understand that the “Minimum Profit” and “Limit Offset” are conditional exits. To exit at a profit, the specified value must be exceeded during positive price pressure. On the other hand, the “Stop Offset” is a hard limit.
Section 2: Vertex dynamics. The script is equipped with four types of pivot point indicators. Histogram, candle, fractal and transform. Despite how the chart visuals may seem. The chart only receives prices. It’s up to the strategy to interpret patterns from the number stream. The quality of the feed and the symbol’s bar characteristics vary greatly from instrument to instrument. Each indicator uses a fundamentally different pattern recognition algorithm. Use trial and error to determine the best fit for your configuration. After selecting an indicator type, there are eight analog fields that must be configured for that particular indicator. This is the hardest part of the configuration process. The values applied to these fields determine how the range will be measured. They have a big effect on the number of trades your system will generate. To see the vertices click on the “Show Markers” check box in this section. Red markers are long positions and blue markers are short. This will give you an idea of where trades will be placed in natural order.
Section 3: Event thresholds. Price spikes are used to enter and exit trades. The magnitude which define these spikes are configured here. The rise and fall events are primarily for pyramid placement. The rise and fall limits determine the exit threshold for the conditional “Limit Offset” field found in Section 1. These fields should be adjusted one at a time. Use a zero value to disengage every one but the one you are working on. Use the fill colors found in Section 6 to get a visual on the values applied to these fields. To make it harder for pyramids to enter stiffen the Event values. This is more of a hack as the formal pyramid parameters are in Section 1.
Section 4 and 5: Long and short settings. These are mirror opposite settings with all opposing fields having the same meaning. Its really easy to introduce data mining bias into your configuration through these fields. You must combat against this tendency by trying to keep your settings as uniform as possible. Wildly different parameters for long and short means you have probably fitted the chart. There are nine analog and thirteen Boolean fields per trade direction. This section is all about how the trades themselves will be placed along the range defined in Section 2. Generally speaking, more restrictive settings will result in less trades but higher quality. Remember that this strategy will enter long on falling prices and short on rising prices. So getting in the trade too early leads to a draw-down. However, this could be what you want if pyramiding is enabled. I, personally, have found that the best configurations come from slightly skewing one side. I just accept that the other side will be sub-par.
Section 6: Chart rendering. This section contains one analog and four Boolean fields. More or less a diagnostic tool. Of particular interest is the “Symbol Debt Sequence” field. This field contains a whole number which paints regions that have sustained a run of bad trades equal or greater than specified value. It is useful when DCA is enabled. In this script Dollar Cost Averaging on new positions continues only until the symbol debt is recouped. To get a better understanding on how this works put a number in this field and activate DCA. You should notice how the trade size increases in the colored regions. The “Summary Report” checkbox displays a blue information box at the live end of the chart. It exposes several metrics which you may find useful if manually trading this strategy from audible alerts or text messages.
Pyramids
This script features a downward pyramiding strategy which increases your position size on losing trades. On purely margin trades, this feature can be used to, hypothetically, increase the profit factor of positions (not individual trades). On long only markets, such as crypto, you can use this feature to accumulate coins at depressed prices. The way it works is the stop offset, applied in the Section 1 inputs, determines the maximum risk you intend to bear. Additional trades will be placed at pivot points calculated all the way down to the stop price. The size of each add on trade is increased by a multiple of its interval. The maximum number of intervals is limited by the “Pyramiding” field in the properties tab. The rate at which pyramid positions are created can be adjusted in Section 1. To see the pyramids click on the “Mark Pyramid Levels” check box in the same section. Blue triangles are painted below trades other than the primary.
Unlike traditional Martingale strategies, the result of your trade is not dependent on the profit or loss from the last trade. The position must recover the R1 point in order to close. Alternatively, you can set a “Pyramid Bale Out Offset” in Section 1 which will terminate the trade early. However, the bale out must coincide with a pivot point and result in a profitable exit in order to actually close the trade. Should the market price exceed the stop offset set in Section 1, the full value of the position, multiplied by the accepted leverage, will be realized as a loss to the trading account. A series of such losses will certainly wipe out your account.
Pyramiding is an advanced feature intended for professional traders with well funded accounts and an appropriate mindset. The availability of this feature is not intended to endorse or promote my use of it. Use at your own risk (peril).
DCA
In addition to pyramiding this script employs DCA which enables users to experiment with loss recovery techniques. This is another advanced feature which can increase the order size on new trades in response to stopped out or winning streak trades. The script keeps track of debt incurred from losing trades. When the debt is recovered the order size returns to the base amount specified in the properties tab. The inputs for this feature are found in section 3 and include a limiter to prevent your account from depleting capital during runaway markets. The main difference between DCA and pyramids is that this implementation of DCA applies to new trades while pyramids affect open positions. DCA is a popular feature in crypto trading but can leave you with large “bags” if your not careful. In other markets, especially margin trading, you’ll need a well funded account and much experience.
To be sure pyramiding and dollar cost averaging is as close to gambling as you can get in respectable trading exchanges. However, if you are looking to compete in a spot trading contest or just want to add excitement to your trading life style those features could find a place in your strategies. Although your backtest may show spectacular gains don’t expect your live trading account to do the same. Every backtest has some measure of data mining bias. Please remember that.
Webhook Integration
The TradingView alerts dialog provides a way to connect your script to an external system which could actually execute your trade. This is a fantastic feature that enables you to separate the data feed and technical analysis from the execution and reporting systems. Using this feature it is possible to create a fully automated trading system entirely on the cloud. Of course, there is some work to get it all going in a reliable fashion. To that end this script has several things going for it. First off, it is a strategy type script. That means that the strategy place holders such as {{strategy.position_size}} can be embedded in the alert message text. There are more than 10 variables which can write internal script values into the message for delivery to the specified endpoint. Additionally, my scripts output the current win streak and debt loss counts in the {{strategy.order.alert_message}} field. Depending on the condition, this script will output other useful values in the JSON “comment” field of the alert message. Here is an excerpt of the fields I use in my webhook signal:
"broker_id": "kraken",
"account_id": "XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX",
"symbol_id": "XMRUSD",
"action": "{{strategy.order.action}}",
"strategy": "{{strategy.order.id}}",
"lots": "{{strategy.order.contracts}}",
"price": "{{strategy.order.price}}",
"comment": "{{strategy.order.alert_message}}",
"timestamp": "{{time}}"
Though TradingView does a great job in dispatching your alert this feature does come with a few idiosyncrasies. Namely, a single transaction call in your script may cause multiple transmissions to the endpoint. If you are using placeholders each message describes part of the transaction sequence. A good example is closing a pyramid stack. Although the script makes a single strategy.close() call, the endpoint actually receives a close message for each pyramid trade. The broker, on the other hand, only requires a single close. The incongruity of this situation is exacerbated by the possibility of messages being received out of sequence. Depending on the type of order designated in the message, a close or a reversal. This could have a disastrous effect on your live account. This broker simulator has no idea what is actually going on at your real account. Its just doing the job of running the simulation and sending out the computed results. If your TradingView simulation falls out of alignment with the actual trading account lots of really bad things could happen. Like your script thinks your are currently long but the account is actually short. Reversals from this point forward will always be wrong with no one the wiser. Human intervention will be required to restore congruence. But how does anyone find out this is occurring? In closed systems engineering this is known as entropy. In practice your webhook logic should be robust enough to detect these conditions. Be generous with the placeholder usage and give the webhook code plenty of information to compare states. Both issuer and receiver. Don’t blindly commit incoming signals without verifying system integrity.
Operation
This is a swing trading strategy so the fundamental behavior of this script is to buy on weakness and sell on strength. As such trade orders are placed in a counter direction to price pressure. What you will see on the chart is a short position on peaks and a long position on valleys. This is slightly misleading since a range as well as a trend are best recognized, in hindsight, after the patterns occur on the chart. In the middle of a trade, one never knows how deep valleys will drop or how high peaks will rise. For certain, long trades will continue to trigger as the market prices fall and short trades on rising prices. This means that the maximum efficiency of this strategy is achieved in choppy markets where the price doesn’t extend very far from its adjacent pivot point. Conversely, this strategy will be the least efficient when market conditions exhibit long continuous single direction price pressure. Especially, when measured in weeks. Translation, the trend is not your friend with this strategy. Internally, the script attempts to recognize prolonged price pressure and changes tactics accordingly. However, at best, the goal is to weather the trend until the range bound market returns. At worst, trend detection fails and pyramid trades continue to be placed until the limit specified in the Properties tab is reached. In all likelihood this could trigger a margin call and if it hits the stop it could wipe out your account.
This script has been in beta test four times since inception. During all that time no one has been successful in creating a configuration from scratch. Most people give up after an hour or so. To be perfectly honest, the configuration process is a bear. I know that but there is no way, currently, to create libraries in Pine. There is also no way specify input parameters other than the flattened out 2-D inputs dialog. And the publish rules clearly state that script variations addressing markets or symbols (suites) are not permitted. I suppose the problem is systemic to be-all-end-all solutions like my script is trying to be. I needed a cloud strategy for all the symbols that I trade and since Pine does not support library modules, include files or inter process communication this script and its unruly inputs are my weapon of choice in the war against the market forces. It takes me about six hours to configure a new symbol. Also not all the symbols I configure are equally successful. I should mention that I have a facsimile of this strategy written in another platform which allows me to run a backtest on 10 years of historical data. The results provide me a sanity check on the inputs I select on this platform.
My personal configurations use a 10 minute bar interval on forex instruments and 15 minutes on crypto. I try to align my TradingView scripts to employ standard intervals available from the broker so that I can backtest longer durations than those available on TradingView. For example, Bitcoin at 15 minute bars is downloadable from several sources. I really like the 10 minute bar. It provides lots of detectable patterns and is easy to store many years in an SQL database.
The following steps provide a very brief set of instructions that will get you started but will most certainly not produce the best backtest. A trading system that you are willing to risk your hard earned capital will require a well crafted configuration that involves time, expertise and clearly defined goals. As previously mentioned, I have several example configurations that I use for my own trading that I can share with you if you like. To get hands on experience in setting up your own symbol from scratch please follow the steps below.
Step 1. Setup the Base currency and order size in the properties tab.
Step 2. Select the calculation presets in the Instrument Type field.
Step 3. Select “No Trade” in the Trading Mode field
Step 4. Select the Histogram indicator from Section 2. You will be experimenting with different ones so it doesn’t matter which one you try first.
Step 5. Turn on Show Markers in Section 2.
Step 6. Go to the chart and checkout where the markers show up. Blue is up and red is down. Long trades show up along the red markers and short trades on the blue.
Step 7. Make adjustments to “Base To Vertex” and “Vertex To Base” net change and ROC in Section 2. Use these fields to move the markers to where you want trades to be.
Step 8. Try a different indicator from Section 2 and repeat Step 7 until you find the best match for this instrument on this interval. This step is complete when the Vertex settings and indicator combination produce the most favorable results.
Step 9. Go to Section 4 and enable “Apply Red Base To Base Margin”.
Step 10. Go to Section 5 and enable “Apply Blue Base To Base Margin”.
Step 11. Go to Section 2 and adjust “Minimum Base To Base Blue” and “Minimum Base To Base Red”. Observe the chart and note where the markers move relative to each other. Markers further apart will produce less trades but will reduce cutoffs in “Ping Pong” mode.
Step 12. Turn off Show Markers in Section 2.
Step 13. Put in your Minimum Profit and Stop Loss in the first section. This is in pips or currency basis points (chart right side scale). Percentage is not currently supported. Note that the profit is taken as a conditional exit on a market order not a fixed limit. The actual profit taken will almost always be greater than the amount specified. The stop loss, on the other hand, is indeed a hard number which is executed by the TradingView broker simulator when the threshold is breached.
Step 14. Return to step 3 and select a Trading Mode (Long, Short, BiDir, Ping Pong). If you are planning to trade bidirectionally its best to configure long first then short. Combine them with “BiDir” or “Ping Pong” after setting up both sides of the trade individually. The difference between “BiDir” and “Ping Pong” is that “Ping Pong” uses position reversal and can cut off opposing trades less than the specified minimum profit. As a result “Ping Pong” mode produces the greatest number of trades.
Step 15. Take a look at the chart. Trades should be showing along the markers plotted earlier.
Step 16. Make adjustments to the Vertex fields in Section 2 until the TradingView performance report is showing a profit. This includes the “Minimum Base To Base” fields. If a profit cannot be achieved move on to Step 17.
Step 17. Improve the backtest profitability by adjusting the “Entry Net Change” and “Entry ROC” in Section 4 and 5.
Step 18. Enable the “Mandatory Snap” checkbox in Section 4 and 5 and adjust the “Snap Candle Delta” and “Snap Fractal Delta” in Section 2. This should reduce some chop producing unprofitable reversals.
Step 19. Increase the distance between opposing trades by adding an “Interleave Delta” in Sections 4 and 5. This is a floating point value which starts at 0.01 and typically does not exceed 2.0.
Step 20. Increase the distance between opposing trades even further by adding a “Decay Minimum Span” in Sections 4 and 5. This is an absolute value specified in the symbol’s quote currency (right side scale of the chart). This value is similar to the minimum profit and stop loss fields in Section 1.
Step 21. The “Buy Composite Strength” input works in tandem with “Long Decay Minimum Span” in Section 4. Try enabling and see if it improves the performance. This field is only relevant when there is a value in “Long Decay Minimum Span”.
Step 22. The “Sell Composite Weakness” input works in tandem with “Short Decay Minimum Span” in Section 5. Try enabling and see if it improves the performance. This field is only relevant when there is a value in “Short Decay Minimum Span”.
Step 23. Improve the backtest profitability by adjusting the “Adherence Delta” in Section 4 and 5. This field requires the “Adhere to Rising Trend” checkbox to be enabled.
Step 24. At this point your strategy should be more or less working. Experiment with the remaining check boxes in Section 4 and 5. Keep the ones which seem to improve the performance.
Step 25. Examine the chart and see that trades are being placed in accordance with your desired trading goals. This is an important step. If your desired model requires multiple trades per day then you should be seeing hundreds of trades on the chart. Alternatively, you may be looking to trade fewer steep peaks and deep valleys in which case you should see trades at major turning points. Don’t simply settle for what the backtest serves you. Work your configuration until the system aligns with your desired model. Try changing indicators and even intervals if you cannot reach your simulation goals. Generally speaking, the histogram and Candle indicators produce the most trades. The Fractal indicator captures the tallest peaks and valleys. The Transform indicator is the most reliable but doesn’t well work on all instruments.
Example Settings
To reproduce the performance shown on the chart please use the following configuration:
1. Select XBTUSD Kraken as the chart symbol.
2. On the properties tab set the Order Size to: 0.01 Bitcoin
3. On the properties tab set the Pyramiding to: 10
4. In Section 1: Select “Forex” for the Instrument Type
5. In Section 1: Select “Ping Pong” for the Trading Mode
6. In Section 1: Input 1200 for the Minimum Profit
7. In Section 1: Input 15000 for the Stop Offset
8. In Section 1: Input 1200 for the Pyramid Minimum Span
9. In Section 1: Check mark the Ultra Wide Pyramids
10. In Section 2: Check mark the Use Transform Indicator
So to be clear, I used a base position size of one - one hundredth of a Bitcoin and allow the script to add up to 10 downward pyramids. The example back-test did hit eight downward pyramids. That means the account would have to be able to withstand a base position size (0.01) times 28. The resulting position size is 0.28 of a Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin is 35K then the draw down amount (not including broker fees) would be $9800 dollars. Since I have a premium subscription my backtest chart includes 20K historical bars. That's roughly six months of data. As of today, pro accounts only get 10K bars so the performance cannot be exactly matched with such a difference in historical data. Please keep that in mind.
There are, of course, various ways to reduce the risk incurred from accumulating pyramids. You can increase the “Pyramid Minimum Span” input found in Section 2 which increases the space between each pyramid trade. Also you can set a “Pyramid Bale Out Offset” in the same input section. This lets you out of the trade faster on position recovery. For example: Set a value of 8000 into this input and the number of trades increase to 178 from 157. Since the positions didn’t go full term, more trades were created at less profit each. The total brute force approach would be to simply limit the number of pyramids in the Properties tab.
It should be noted that since this is crypto, accumulating on the long side may be what you want. If you are not trading on margin and thus outright buying coins on the Kraken exchange you likely are interested in increasing your Bitcoin position at depressed prices. This is a popular feature on some of the other crypto trading packages like CryptoHopper and Profit Trailer. Click on Enable TV Long Only Rule in Section 1. This switches the signal emitter to long only. However, you may still see short trades on the chart. They are treated as a close instead of a reversal.
Feel free to PM me with any questions related to this script. Thank you and happy trading!
CFTC RULE 4.41
These results are based on simulated or hypothetical performance results that have certain inherent limitations. Unlike the results shown in an actual performance record, these results do not represent actual trading. Also, because these trades have not actually been executed, these results may have under-or over-compensated for the impact, if any, of certain market factors, such as lack of liquidity. Simulated or hypothetical trading programs in general are also subject to the fact that they are designed with the benefit of hindsight. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to these being shown.
supertrend with 2tp by AkHi traders
This strategy is based on two take profit targets and scaling out strategy. The entry rule is very simple. Whenever supertrend show long trade is taken and vice versa...and you have to use minimum 2 contract size
Take Profit and Stop Loss
The first take profit is set at 3 points above the long entry and the second take profit is set at 6 points above the long entry. Meanwhile, the stop loss is set at 3 points below the long entry....u can change points for profit and loss
Money Management
When the first take profit is achieved, half of the position is closed. The rest of the position is open to achieve either second take profit or stop loss.
There are three outcomes when using this strategy. Let's say you enter the trade with 200 lot size and you are risking 2% of your equity.
1. The first outcome is when the price hits stop loss, you lose the entire 2%.
2. The second outcome is when the price hits the first take profit and you close half of your position. Meaning that you have gained 1%. Then you let the trade running and eventually it hits stop loss. The total loss is 0% because the remaining lot size which is 200/2=100 times by 20pips is 1%. You have gained the earlier 1% and then loss 1%. At this point, you are at break even.
3. The third outcome is similar to the second out but instead of hiring stop loss, the trade is running to your favor and hits the second take profit.
Therefore, you gained 1% from the first take profit and you gained another 2% for the second take profit. Your total gained is 3%
Momentum Trader Strategy 3.0Momentum Trader 3.0 is a momentum trading strategy which uses volume to confirm market momentum driven moves.
By default it only trades between 0900 and 1530 (designed for futures trading and can be toggled to 24/7)
No repaint issues, what you see is real
Toggles allow you to enable Long or Short independently which may work better or worse for your market
Designed primarily for Day Trading (1-15m interval)
Presently only the Short side is optimized, the Long works but overtrades a bit. I will be adding an option to remove the less useful signals and improve performance.
Momentum Trader is a real and successful momentum strategy (which I use myself). It isn't a miracle 'always win' strategy but it is a steady workhorse. By combining high probability momentum trades and auto stop-losses, it takes a good slice of most rallies, a big slice of the grand drops, and avoids heavy sudden losses.
Momentum Trader can be used in any timeframe. Your success depends on the volatility of the individual market. I recommend trading at 10m and below for high volatility instruments like ES/SPX while low volatility instruments can be traded at the 1h and beyond. At the level of 1D+ it also works as well but naturally as a momentum strategy it may take a while to pivot.
Momentum Trader provides you with 3 long and 2 short entries which represent different levels of risk/reward. Like any real strategy, there can be periods of chop where the strategy will lose (small based on stop-loss) if the market is chopping very quickly back and forth or pivoting suddenly. As a rule, Momentum Trader attempts to avoid most of that by typically flagging trends which are established and confirmed. Different signals give you different degrees of confirmation and thus different risk/reward.
Default Strategy Inputs (Forex / Crypto)The code in this post contains a set of default strategy inputs I use in new projects / backtests in Tradingview.
Full code commentary is available on the Backtest-Rookies website. To comply with house rules, I cannot post the direct link here.
Features
Trade Direction: So that you can limit the strategy for long only, short only or trade in both directions. It is important to note that when you select “Long Only”, you will still see Short signals on the chart. However, they are only used to close a position rather than reverse it. This is the default behaviour for strategies. The same applies to “Short Only”.
Date Ranges: So that you can isolate backtesting to specific periods of interest such as bull or bear markets.
Sessions: So you can easily get an idea of the expected results during your own session. You may also notice that performance of the strategy varies depending on which session it is deployed in.
Some example stop losses: It is not an exhaustive list but it should be enough to provide some inspiration for different types of stops that you can experiment with.
Happy Scripting. I hope the community finds it useful.
CEO Synapse v1.0CEO Synapse — Uyarlanabilir Rejim Stratejisi
This script is invite-only.
What Does This Strategy Do?
Markets are complex systems requiring various expertise. The "CEO Synapse" strategy adopts a "digital dashboard" approach based on the reality that a single viewpoint is insufficient. The strategy combines multiple analytical engines, each developed by me, analyzing different aspects of the market (structure, momentum, rhythm). It detects trend and momentum deviations in markets. A trading decision is made only when there is consensus among these expert engines. The "Synapse Engine" uses adaptive filtering and consensus logic for position management based on market regime (trend/range).
It eliminates the problem of traditional indicators generating misleading signals alone and failing to adapt to volatility and regime changes. Its dynamic threshold mechanism, adaptive periods, and special noise filters reduce unnecessary trades.
Original Methodology and Proprietary Logic: This algorithm does not rely on or copy any open source strategy code. The system uses commonly accepted indicators' mathematical principles such as ADX, EMA, SMA, ATR, True Range, etc., as data sources. The author's methodology combines dynamic period EMA, multi-filter consensus, adaptive threshold, and regime-based execution.
Though our strategy creates an original decision-making mechanism, it leverages foundational building blocks of technical analysis. The traditional indicators we use and their purposes are:
ADX (Average Directional Index): This indicator measures a trend’s strength, not its direction. Our strategy uses ADX as a filter to open positions only under sufficiently strong and distinct trend market conditions. This largely prevents misleading signals in weak or sideways markets.
Moving Averages (EMA and SMA): They form the backbone to determine the main trend direction. By smoothing price data, they reduce noise and reveal the market's general trend. But our strategy processes their outputs not as traditional crossover signals, but as input to an advanced consensus logic with dynamically adjusted periods based on market rhythm combined with other filters.
ATR (Average True Range): This indicator does not produce direct buy-sell signals but measures current market volatility. Especially in "Sideways Market" regime, take profit and stop loss levels are dynamically set based on ATR instead of fixed values, enabling risk management to adapt to market conditions.
Bollinger Band Logic (using Standard Deviation): Though the strategy does not plot Bollinger Bands directly, it uses Standard Deviation, the underlying mathematical concept, to detect excessive price deviations and volatility spikes, producing critical signals for the AMF PG core engine.
"Synapse Engine" consists of two layers: Decision Center (Dynamic Threshold) which automatically adjusts risk appetite based on performance and regime; and Filter Committee (Consensus Score) which weights separate filters to produce a single score. This combination is not reproducible and commercially valuable. Closed source is mandatory.
No classic open source code used. Only publicly available indicators are used. Parameters, order, and usage are fully customized.
Generated Signals: Trend/range entry/exit (long/short), adaptive trailing stop position management, additional risk control signals with Shock Absorber and Quantum Filter.
Purpose: Detect trend breaks and momentum deviations. Components: Volatility filters, adaptive signal weighting, EMA/SMA. Methodology: Combines price and volume change rates via dynamic weighting functions.
What Problem Does CEO Synapse Solve?
CEO Synapse addresses three main issues caused by traditional technical analysis and single indicator usage:
Problem: Misleading Signals and Market Noise
Traditional indicators (MACD, RSI, etc.) generate many "false" buy-sell signals, especially in sideways and choppy markets, causing traders to constantly enter and exit positions (whipsaw) and incur losses.
CEO Synapse Solution: The strategy never relies on a single signal. The Consensus-Based Decision Mechanism ensures no position is opened unless different analytical engines (structural, momentum, rhythm) agree. This "board of directors" approach filters market noise, processing only high-probability signals.
Problem: Static Analysis and Changing Market Conditions
Markets constantly change character; sometimes strong trend, sometimes narrow range. Most strategies try to function with fixed parameters across all conditions, leading to failure.
CEO Synapse Solution: The strategy has Adaptive Regime Switching. It actively analyzes whether the market is in "Trend Mode" or "Sideways Market Mode" and automatically adjusts entry/exit rules and risk management (take profit/stop loss) to the current regime, allowing chameleon-like adaptation to conditions.
Problem: Fixed Parameters and Declining Performance
Many traders believe they find the "best" settings and never change them for months or years. But as market volatility and cycles change, fixed settings lose effectiveness.
CEO Synapse Solution: The strategy operates on Full Adaptation principle.
Market Rhythm Adaptation: Dynamically adjusts analysis speed (e.g., EMA periods) according to market’s natural cycles.
Performance Adaptation: Continuously optimizes risk appetite (signal threshold) based on recent strategy performance, becoming bolder with gains and more cautious with losses.
In summary, CEO Synapse simplifies decision-making, eliminates market noise, and smartly adapts to changing market conditions, protecting the user from common mistakes.
Why "Invite-Only"?
Offering CEO Synapse as "Invite-Only" is a strategic decision to protect the strategy's commercial value and intellectual property and to provide users with the highest quality experience. Key reasons:
Protection of Proprietary IP:
CEO Synapse is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development, and testing. Its consensus logic, adaptive threshold mechanism, and engine integration are unique and patented. Open sourcing it would instantly destroy this trade secret and competitive edge.
Maintaining Performance Integrity and Effectiveness:
Uncontrolled distribution could lead to misuse or signal theft and sale by malicious actors. The invite-only model preserves the strategy’s integrity and ensures access only for serious investors.
Quality User Experience and Support:
Controlled distribution allows better user experience. High-quality documentation explaining features and best practices can be provided, and future updates and support services can be managed better for a limited user base.
Business Model:
CEO Synapse is positioned as a premium analysis tool. Invite-only access reflects its value and compensates the developer for ongoing maintenance, support, and future improvements.
Usage: Available on all timeframes.
Based entirely on my own adaptive filtering methodology.
Proprietary logic: The algorithm’s unique, non-reproducible logic and methodology. Example: Multi-filter consensus + adaptive threshold + regime-based execution.
Why Is This a Premium Tool?
"CEO Synapse"’s value stems from being a proprietary, integrated system beyond free standard indicators:
Advanced Noise Filtering: Not just reduces noise but adjusts filter sensitivity to current market character. Inspired by public mathematical concepts (cycle analysis, statistical filtering) but uniquely combined with proprietary weighting mechanisms and adaptive consensus logic forming the strategy's commercial value. Core indicators (EMA, ATR, ADX, DMI, etc.) are uniquely processed inside this proprietary system.
Full Adaptation: Instead of fixed parameters, the strategy continuously adapts to the market's natural rhythm, volatility, and past performance.
Consensus-Based Decision Making: Relies on collective intelligence of multiple analytical engines, not a single failure point.
These features substantially increase the ability to extract meaningful, actionable insights from raw market data, making it premium. It improves signal accuracy, reduces risk, and adapts to regime shifts. The dynamic threshold mechanism continuously adjusts risk appetite based on recent performance (profitability) and market regime.
By using this script, you agree not to redistribute, sell, or reverse engineer the source code.
This strategy is for educational purposes only. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always apply proper risk management and protect your capital.
Risk Management: Maximum Drawdown Protection
The strategy includes a built-in capital protection mechanism. Users can specify the percentage drop from peak capital they tolerate. If the capital hits this drawdown limit, protection activates, closing all open positions and blocking new trades, acting as an emergency brake to guard capital against unexpected market conditions.
Automation Ready: Customizable Webhook Alerts
Fully Compatible Automation (JSON): The strategy outputs fully configurable JSON-formatted alert messages for buy, sell, and close actions. This allows connecting CEO Synapse signals to automation platforms like 3Commas and PineConnector for fully automated trading. Dynamic values like position size ({{strategy.order.contracts}}) are automatically included in alerts.
Strategy Backtest Information
Please remember past performance is not indicative of future results. The published chart and report are based on the BTCUSD pair in a 3-hour timeframe with the following settings:
Test Period: January 1, 2018 – November 3, 2025
Default Position Size: 15% of capital
Pyramiding: Off
Commission: 0.0008
Slippage: 2 ticks
Test Approach: The published test contains 201 trades and is statistically significant. Performing your own tests on different assets and timeframes is strongly recommended. Default settings are a template and should be adjusted per your analysis.
U.T.M.S v2🇷🇺 ОПИСАНИЕ (РУССКИЙ)
U.T.M.S v2 — Чистый EMA-кроссовер с фильтрами
Стратегия для 15м (в первую очередь) и 1ч таймфреймов.
Генерирует сигналы при пересечении EMA(8) и EMA(19) только при подтверждении тренда, объёма, волатильности и времени суток.
Каждая сделка закрывается по фиксированному Take Profit и Stop Loss.
✅ Минимум ложных входов
✅ Работает только в ликвидные часы
✅ Полная фильтрация шума и флэта
🔧 Настройки:
Fast EMA / Slow EMA — периоды скользящих (по умолчанию 8 / 19)
Take Profit % — уровень фиксации прибыли (рек. 2.5%)
Stop Loss % — уровень стоп-лосса (рек. 2.0%)
Фильтры (все включены по умолчанию):
Use 1H Trend Filter — вход разрешён только по направлению тренда на 1H (EMA50 > EMA200 для лонга)
Use Volume Filter — объём должен быть ≥ 1.5× среднего за 20 баров
Min Volume Multiplier — нижний порог объёма (рек. 1.5)
Max Volume Multiplier — верхний порог (рек. 3.0–4.0), отсекает аномальные пампы
Use ATR Volatility Filter — минимальная волатильность (рек. 0.3%)
Use Time Filter (UTC) — торговля только в часы высокой ликвидности: 12:00–18:00 и 20:00–02:00 UTC
💡 Идеальна для ручной торговли или подключения сигнальных ботов.
🇬🇧 DESCRIPTION (ENGLISH)
U.T.M.S v2 — Clean EMA Crossover with Filters
Strategy for 15m (primarily) and 1h timeframes.
Generates signals when the EMA(8) and EMA(19) cross, only if trend, volume, volatility, and time of day are confirmed.
Each trade is closed with a fixed Take Profit and Stop Loss.
✅ Low noise, high-quality signals
✅ Active only during high-liquidity hours
✅ Fully protected against flat and fakeouts
🔧 Inputs:
Fast EMA / Slow EMA — moving average periods (default: 8 / 19)
Take Profit % — profit target (suggested: 2.5%)
Stop Loss % — stop loss level (suggested: 2.0%)
Filters (all enabled by default):
Use 1H Trend Filter — trades only in 1H trend direction (EMA50 > EMA200 for long)
Use Volume Filter — volume must be ≥ 1.5× 20-bar average
Min Volume Multiplier — minimum volume threshold (suggested: 1.5)
Max Volume Multiplier — maximum volume cap (suggested: 3.0–4.0), filters out pumps/dumps
Use ATR Volatility Filter — minimum volatility (suggested: 0.3%)
Use Time Filter (UTC) — active only during high-liquidity sessions: 12:00–18:00 & 20:00–02:00 UTC
💡 Perfect for manual trading or webhook-based signal bots.
TurtleTrader Intraday Extended by exp3rts🐢 TurtleTrader Intraday Extended by exp3rts
A modern intraday adaptation of the classic Turtle Trading strategy, optimized for short-term breakout trading with built-in risk management, pyramiding, and optional trend filters.
This strategy captures strong directional moves by entering breakouts from price channels, using ATR-based stop losses and controlled position scaling.
🔑 Key Features:
📈 Channel Breakout Entries: Buy/sell on breakout of highest highs or lowest lows
🛑 Dynamic ATR Stop Loss: Automatically calculated from market volatility
🔁 Pyramiding: Adds up to 4 positions as price moves in your favor
🔄 Directional Mode: Choose Long-only or Short-only mode
🧠 Skip After Win Option: Avoid overtrading by skipping the next entry after a profitable trade
📊 Optional EMA Display: Plot up to 3 EMAs for trend filtering or visual confirmation
📉 On-Chart ATR Label: Displays real-time ATR metrics (including ½N size used in classic Turtle rules)
⚙️ Strategy Inputs:
Entry/Exit channel length
ATR multiplier and period
Entry delay (bar offset)
Optional trade filter after profitable trades
Show/hide EMAs and ATR label
🧪 Best For:
Intraday breakout traders (works well on 5m–1h timeframes)
Traders who prefer mechanical rules and structured risk
Anyone testing volatility-based entries and exits
Inspired by the original Turtle Trading system — redesigned for modern markets with more intraday flexibility and visual enhancements.
RSI Momentum ScalperOverview
The "RSI Momentum Scalper" is a Pine Script v5 strategy crafted for trading highly volatile markets, with a special focus on newly listed cryptocurrencies. This strategy harnesses the Relative Strength Index (RSI) alongside volume analysis and momentum thresholds to pinpoint short-term trading opportunities. It supports both long and short trades, managed with customizable take profit, stop loss, and trailing stop levels, which are visually plotted on the chart for easy tracking.
Why I Created This Strategy
I developed the "RSI Momentum Scalper" because I was seeking a reliable trading strategy tailored to newly listed, highly volatile cryptocurrencies. These assets often experience rapid price fluctuations, rendering traditional strategies less effective. I aimed to create a tool that could exploit momentum and volume spikes while managing risk through adaptable exit parameters. This strategy is designed to address that need, offering a flexible approach for traders in dynamic crypto markets.
How It Works
The strategy utilizes RSI to identify momentum shifts, combined with volume confirmation, to trigger long or short entries. Trades are controlled with take profit, stop loss, and trailing stop levels, which adjust dynamically as the price moves in your favor. The trailing stop helps lock in profits, while the plotted exit levels provide clear visual cues for trade management.
Customizable Settings
The script is highly customizable, allowing you to adjust it to various market conditions and trading styles. Here’s a brief overview of the key settings:
Trade Mode: Select "Both," "Long Only," or "Short Only" to determine the trade direction.
(Default: Both)
RSI Length: Sets the lookback period for the RSI calculation (2 to 30).
(Default: 8)
A shorter length increases RSI sensitivity, suitable for volatile assets.
RSI Overbought: Defines the upper RSI threshold (60 to 99) for short entries.
(Default: 90)
Higher values signal stronger overbought conditions.
RSI Oversold: Defines the lower RSI threshold (1 to 40) for long entries.
(Default: 10)
Lower values indicate stronger oversold conditions.
RSI Momentum Threshold: Sets the minimum RSI momentum change (1 to 15) to trigger entries.
(Default: 14)
Adjusts the sensitivity to price momentum.
Volume Multiplier: Multiplies the volume moving average to filter high-volume bars (1.0 to 3.0).
(Default: 1)
Higher values require stronger volume confirmation.
Volume MA Length: Sets the lookback period for the volume moving average (5 to 50).
(Default: 13)
Influences the volume trend sensitivity.
Take Profit %: Sets the profit target as a percentage of the entry price (0.1 to 10.0).
(Default: 4.15)
Determines when to close a winning trade.
Stop Loss %: Sets the loss limit as a percentage of the entry price (0.1 to 6.0).
(Default: 1.85)
Protects against significant losses.
Trailing Stop %: Sets the trailing stop distance as a percentage (0.1 to 4.0).
(Default: 2.55)
Locks in profits as the price moves favorably.
Visual Features
Exit Levels: Take profit (green), fixed stop loss (red), and trailing stop (orange) levels are plotted when in a position.
Performance Table: Displays win rate, total trades, and net profit in the top-right corner.
How to Use
Add the strategy to your chart in TradingView.
Adjust the input settings based on the cryptocurrency and timeframe you’re trading.
Monitor the plotted exit levels for trade management.
Use the performance table to assess the strategy’s performance over time.
Notes
Test the strategy on a demo account or with historical data before live trading.
The strategy is optimized for short-term scalping; adjust settings for longer timeframes if needed.
